New York During The 1920s - 1310 Words

Growing up in Harlem, New York during the 1920’s and 30’s, James Baldwin was a young Black man desperate for a place of acceptance. Surrounded by drugs and prostitution Baldwin saw a change in his neighborhood and his friends as they got older. With his friends beginning to drink and smoke Baldwin knew times were changing. He became very aware of the bodily development of the girls and the boys around him, to his surprise, he was even more enticed by the changes in the boys (Baldwin 17). During this time, Baldwin and his friends would begin to experience the racism that White America had to offer. No longer shielded by their age or naivety they had to face the fact that they were not accepted because of their skin color. With this†¦show more content†¦During the summer while surrounded by gangs and pimps, Baldwin quickly found himself diving into the Christian faith in order to find safety. Every day walking down the streets of Harlem, Baldwin found himself fi ghting off the pressures of succumbing to the terrible conditions around him. Everyday he sees someone new disappearing and going off to prison; he refused to be another Black prison story. One day, his friend takes him to church because of his fears for Baldwin’s salvation. Immediately Baldwin is caught off guard by the female Pastor and all of her power in the community. She asks him, â€Å"Whose little boy are you?† (Baldwin 28). This simple question gives Baldwin flashbacks to all the pimps and racketeers who have accosted him in the past. Baldwin, feeling a spiritual seduction replies with â€Å"Why, yours†. It appears they all knew that Baldwin wanted to desperately to be â€Å"somebody’s little boy† (28). Although he had a family he never felt comfortable or accepted; he wanted and felt that the world could offer more than his family did. The deeper Baldwin got into Christianity, he realized that the religion was not one for him. This was Ba ldwin’s first step in Maslow’s self actualization, he was asking himself questions like, how his life got to this hateful place?

Nonverbal Communication The Method Of Encoding And Decoding

Nonverbal communication consists of the method of encoding and decoding. Encoding is the act of producing the communication using gestures, facial expressions, and posture. Decoding is the process of receiving the information and how the individual processes that information based on their previous experiences. Culture plays a significant role that helps the way learning activities are organized. Nonverbal communication consists of visual cues such as kinesics, proxemics, paralanguage, and haptics. It could also include chronemics (the use of time) and oculesics (the action of looking, regularity of glances, eye contact and actions of looking, blink rate, pupil dilation, and patterns of fixation. It can be categorized into three principles: environment where the communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and the behaviors of the communicators during the interaction. In 1967 Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson, in their seminal book Pragmatics of Human Communication, lay out an axiom, â€Å"You cannot not communicate.† We can never turn off nonverbal communication. Often nonverbal messages can be misunderstood and the messages can be intentional or unintentional. People send messages without being aware and may not want to make an impression on another individual. Communication always happens whether people are talking or not. Before some even begins speaking, information about the physiology, psychology, biology of the individual is discovered. W.Show MoreRelatedCommunication Styles Between Men And Women1522 Words   |  7 PagesUnsuccessful communication plays a vital role in the failure of many marriages and relationships. Communication is key in all relationships and can lead to the success or failure of a marriage, depending on how the couple interacts. This effectiveness of communication is connected to the overall satisfaction of married couples. 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This silent form of communication needs to be mastered by all people wanting to become a communicator or a leader in a ministry. Loving well is a principle established by being able to communicate and relate to pe ople. Part of this is learning how to read the nonverbals of another person

Measuring Socialism in America Free Essays

Which of the two countries is more socialist, Canada or the United States of America? It must first be state that neither Canada nor the USA is considered a socialist state. For the purpose of this project, a socialist state would be one such as Greece was until the early 1990†³s; a country where the state owns all forms of companies and/or businesses and offers practically every type of social service known to modern governments. Since none of the two North American countries that will be featured in this paper can accurately compare to the bove description, the paper will simply attempt to determine which of the two has a higher degree of socialism when matched against each other following a Before going any further, let†s view the conceptual definitions to the key elements of this paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring Socialism in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Socialism, as referred to throughout the text, can be defined as follows: any of various social or political theories or movements in which the common welfare is to be achieved through the establishment of a socialist economic system. A socialist economic system can be defined as an economic structure in which the community owns the means of production, istribution, and exchange collectively, and the benefits are distributed to all members of that community. In this economic layout the people will run the government in a highly democratic fashion . Having established what socialism is, let†s move on to the research question, or hypothesis. It is assumed that Canada will have a higher lever of socialism than the United States of America based on its higher level of taxation and its apparently more developed social services system. The research question is therefore: is Canada truly more socialist than the United States of America? The variables that will be used to measure socialism are the level of democracy; social services offered; the minimization of social classes; and finally, the collective ownership of factories, corporation, and companies. According to the conceptual definition given earlier, a socialist country must be highly democratic. We must then find data that would help indicate the variable of democracy. What makes a country democratic? The representation and support of diverse political views as well as a high level of public participation in political decisions are two social characteristics that would ndicate a high level of democracy. To measure the representation and support of diverse political views, let†s examine the different popular political parties in both Canada and the United States of America. According to the network CNN , in the latest US federal election which took place in November 2000, three political parties could be said to have garnered enough public support to be considered important. After the tally of 99 percent of precincts, the Democratic Party stood at 49 percent of public support, the Republican Party at 48 percent, and the Green Party accumulated enough votes to have 3 percent of all votes. No other party received a single percent of all votes. There is also a federal election being held in Canada this month, and the nation will vote on November 27th. According to the latest Reuters/Zogby Research Canada poll , the Liberal Party holds the lead with an approximate 42 percent of public support, followed by the Canadian Alliance, which polled 29 percent, the Progressive Conservative Party holds 12 percent support, the Neo-Democratic Party has 7 percent and finally, the Bloc Quebecois holds 8 percent of public support. Canada therefore has five important political parties, all of which hold more public support than the United States† third important party. However, it would be incorrect to assume that Canada is more democratic than the USA by simply counting the number of political parties. Let†s instead look at how many political views are represented in both countries. In the USA, the Democratic Party can be said to be mostly left of the center on the â€Å"left/right† line, the Republicans would be mostly right of the center, and the Green Party would be considered to represent fairly left political views. If we place the political parties in Canada on the same left/right line according to the views they represent, we see that many more views are covered. The Neo-Democratic Party can be labeled as a far-left party, the Liberal Party and the Bloc Quebecois would be considered left-of-the-middle parties, while the Progressive Conservatives are right of the center and the Canadian Alliance (formerly the Reform Party) represents far-right views. It is evident that once the political views of the parties are exposed, Canada seems to have the edge over the USA when it comes to Let†s now take a look at the second variable that will be used to compare the degree of democracy between Canada and the USA: a high level of public participation in political decisions. To measure this variable, we will look at the number of public representatives who are elected by the population. At the municipal level in the USA, according to the City of St-Louis Board of Elections , the population elects a mayor, a comptroller, a President of the Board of Aldermen, the members of the Board of Aldermen (councilors) and school board members. At the state and federal levels, as maintained by the North Carolina Board of Elections , the population of North Carolina elects members of the US House of Representatives (In North Carolina,12 members are elected), associate Justices of the Supreme Court (2), Judges of the Court of Appeals (5), District Attorneys (37), Judges of District Court (87), members of State Senate (50), members of the State House of Representatives (120), Judges of Supreme Court (Non Partisan) (31), local County Commissioners ( 5), a President and Vice-President, a Governor, a Lieutenant Governor, an Attorney General, an Auditor, a Commissioner of Agriculture, a Commissioner of Insurance, Commissioner of Labor, Secretary of State, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, a Treasurer, a Chief Justice of NC Supreme Court and an Associate Justice of NC Supreme Court. In Canada, at the local level elections are similar. According to Elections Canada the public elects a Mayor, Councilors and School Board members, but no comptroller and no President of the Board of Aldermen, such as is the case in the United States. At the Provincial Level, according to the Government of Ontario , the population elects Members of the Provincial Government (Legislative Assembly) (In Ontario, 103 members are elected), and a Premier. Contrary to the USA, the population does not elect the Lieutenant Governor, the Attorney General, the Auditor, nor any secretaries, superintendents, treasurers, ministers, Chief Justices, Judges or District Attorneys; these positions are awarded by the governing Premier and his Cabinet. The same pattern exists at the federal level. In accordance with the Government of Canada , the Canadian population elects a Prime Minister and members of the House of Commons (In Canada, there are 301 members). Again, there is a stark contrast with the American political ! stem, as Canadians do not elect members of the Supreme Court, or even Senators. When we count the number of representatives who are elected by the population, it seems that the American political system is more democratic than the Canadian system, as it is clear that many important positions are chosen by the people in America and by the politicians in Canada. It is important however to note that the men and women who hold the most power of all in both countries, the members of cabinet, are named by the leading politician. In Canada these people must be chosen from the Legislative Assembly at the provincial level, and the House of Commons at the federal, therefore they were elected to represent the population . However, in the US the Governors and President may choose whomever they please as their cabinet , whether they were elected or not. Despite the previous fact, when looking at the democracy variable as a whole it must be acknowledged that the US is at least as democratic as Canada, therefore the first variable must be considered void. Let†s now move on to the second variable, well-established social services system. For a state to be deemed socialist, it must offer numerous social services to its people, free of charge. Lets begin by examining education. The first indicator for education is the amount of years of free education that are offered by the state. Both countries offer free pre-school, elementary and secondary education through the public schooling system. (A totally socialist state would also offer free post-secondary education. ) In Canada, according to Statistics Canada , most provinces offer 14 years of free education, beginning at the age of 4 with pre-kindergarten. The only exception is Ontario, which currently offers an optional 15th year, known as the Ontario Academic Curriculum. OAC is basically a fifth year of high school, designed to prepare students for university, also acting as their first year of university. However, the Government of Ontario has passed a bill to abolish OAC ! by the year 2002. In the USA, according to the National Education Association , all states offer 15 years of public education, beginning a year earlier than in Canada, therefore offering one year of pre-school more than the provinces of their neighboring country does. It can therefore be said that the USA offers more years of free education than Canada does. But how much does the state spend on these years of education? Let†s look at the second indicator for the variable of education: the amount spent-per student per-year on education. In accordance with data from Statistics Canada , the three levels of government combined to spend an approximate 50,407,100 Canadian dollars per student for the school year of 1996-97. In that same year, Statistics Canada states that 5,065,914 students were enrolled in public schools across the country. Therefore, the state spent approximately 9,949 Canadian dollars per student. Based on the US Census Bureau†s data , all three levels of American government combined to spend an approximate 5,882 US dollars per-student for the same school year of 1996-97. In order to compare these numbers realistically, let†s convert the Canadian dollars to US dollars. In 1997, the Canadian doll! ar was worth approximately 0. 68 American dollars, therefore the Canadian government spent an approximate 6,765 American dollars per-student, compared to the US government†s approximate 5,882. The next social service to be examined is income security. It must be noted that the term â€Å"income security† does not mean exactly the same thing in both countries. In Canada, income security stands for social assistance, benefits to the elderly, employment benefits and child benefits. These services are covered by the Canadian and Quebec Pension Plans, Old Age Security, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Spouse†s Allowance, Unemployment Insurance, Children†s Financial Benefits, Social Assistance, and Worker†s Compensation. On the other hand, in the United States the term â€Å"income security† stands for disability insurance, private pensions, federal employees retirement, and disability programs. These services are offered through Food Stamps, Supplemental Security Income, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Earned Income Tax Credit and Unemployment Compensation. In 1994-95, according to the Government of Canada†s overview of Income Security , the Canadian governments ! spent a total of 88,900,000,000 dollars on Income Security. When divided by the approximate population at the time, 29,500,000 people, it averages out to 3014 Canadian dollars per citizen. If that number is then multiplied that by . as the Canadian dollar was worth approximately 86 cents American at the time, we get 2050; the average spent per citizen in American dollars. The United States governments spent 257,000,000,000 dollars on Income Security in 1999, according to the Budget of The United States Government for the fiscal year 2001 . When divided by the US population in 1999, which was 272,691,000, according to the US Census Bureau , we get the amount spent per citizen on Income Security: 942 US dollars. It seems as though Canada spends more on Income Security, but it must be taken in account that the US also has what they call Social Security. The latter covers Old-Age benefits, and Survivors, and Disability Insurance. Since these services fall under the Canadian defi! nition of Social Insurance, it would only be fair to measure them under the same variable. According to the US Census Bureau, 383 billion dollars was spent on Social Security in the US in 1999. That comes out to 1405 US dollars per citizen. When added to the previous total (amount spent per US citizen on Income Security) we get a total of 2347 US dollars spent per US citizen, compared to 2050 US dollars spent per citizen in Canada. However, before declaring the United States more socialist when it comes to Income Security, we must consider the fact that the Canadian data dates back to 1994-95, almost five years younger than the American data. It must be assumed that the Canadian Government has increased its spending on Income Security since 1995, as has been the trend with all of the social services for both Canada and the US. However, we must still recognize the fact that the United States governments spend a good deal of money on these types of services and can be said to sp! end more, or perhaps only slightly less than the Canadian governments do. The final social service variable to be inspected is health care. In order to compare the two countries’ health care systems, two indicators will be examined: the number of health services offered for free and the amount spent per citizen on heath care. In the United States, there are two types of heath care services: Medicare and Medicaid. According the US Federal Government , Medicare is offered to most citizens who are 65 years of age or older, people entitled to Social Security disability payments for 2 years or more, and people with end-stage renal disease. Medicaid is offered to certain low-income families to help cover their medical costs . The Medicare recipients will receive durable medical equipment such as oxygen equipment, wheelchairs, arm, leg, back and neck braces, ostomy pouches, surgical dressings, splints and casts, one pair of eyeglasses after surgery, and other medically necessary equipment that a doctor prescribes for use at home. Medicare also helps cove! r the costs for doctor’s services, outpatient hospital care, blood, lab tests and physical and occupational therapy. Medicaid on the other hand covers much more. On the other hand, according to the Health Care Financing Administration, Medicaid recipients receive inpatient and outpatient hospital services, physician services, medical and surgical dental services, nursing facility services for persons aged 21 or older, laboratory and x-ray services, pediatric and family nurse practitioner services, ambulatory services to individuals under the age of 18 and individuals entitled to institutional services, prenatal care and delivery services for pregnant women, as well as some home health and clinical services. In Canada, as stated by the Government of Ontario’s Ministry of Heath , health care covers all services by a physician (except work or school-related physicals), five or ten annual visits to a podiatrist (chiropractors, osthopasths) and Physiotherapists, dental services do! ne in hospital, optometry services every two years for all 20 to 65 year olds and once a year for all under 20 and all over 65 year olds, and importantly, emergency care of injuries that occur outside of the country. If we compare the services offered in both countries, we see that Medicaid is very comparable to the Canadian Health Plan, plus and minus a few services, while Medicare trails both systems, at least as far as services offered are concerned. The second indicator for health care is the amount spent per person on health services. This is an area where the US is expected to perform poorly, as mentioned in the hypothesis, because so few Americans actually receive government-paid health care. In fact, according to the US Census Bureau any form of government-paid health care covers only 24. ercent of the US population. Medicare covers 13. 2 percent of the population, and Medicaid covers 10. 2 percent while the remaining 3. 1 percent are military personnel who receive basic military health benefits. According to the US Census Bureau , the three levels of government in the United States of America spent 40,168,000,000 dollars on 34,900. 000 Americans in 1991, therefore spending 1147 US dollars per recipient. However, when divided by the total America population at the time, which was approximately 258,000,000 people, we see that a mere 156 US dollars was spent per citizen on heath care. Canada on the other hand offers heal! th care to all of its citizens, therefore it is expected that the per-citizen number will be higher. According to Health Canada , in 1994-95, the three levels of Canadian government jointly spent 51,900,000,000 Canadian dollars on health care. When divided by the total population at the time (29,500,000 people), we get 1759 Canadian dollars per person. Hence, after the conversion to US dollars, the amount spent per person on health care in Canada is 1196, almost eight times as much as the US spending. Consequently, it must be alleged that although the US data is four years younger than the Canadian data, Canada still spends much more on health care than the United States does. Canada then comes out on top when we add all of the variables together in an attempt to determine who is of a more socialist nature, as far as social services go. It must nevertheless be admitted that aside from health care spending, the US does not trail Canada by an extreme amount when in comes to soci! al services, and even comes out on top when in the amount of years of free education offered through the public schooling system. Aside from an advanced social services system, a socialist country must also have a low level of diversity when it comes to social classes. In order to reduce the difference between social classes, one must first reduce the variation of income levels. Therefore, the indicator for the variable â€Å"minimization of social classes† will be income inequality. As said by the paper Income inequality in North America: Does the 49th parallel still matter? , â€Å"Canada has not seen the substantial increase in income inequality that has occurred in the United States. The paper states that the US† average income level has been rising rapidly when compared to Canada†s, but that the US†s income inequality has been growing consistently as well. â€Å"In terms of comparative economic well-being, Canadian families in the bottom 25% of the income distribution were better off in absolute terms in 1997 than were their counterparts in the United States. However, in the top one-fifth of the income distribution, American families had disposable incomes more than 20% higher than their Canadian counterparts. In the top one-tenth of the income distribution, disposable incomes among American families were about 25% higher. † (Income inequality in North America: Does the 49th parallel still matter? , The Daily, Statistics Canada) Although it was not possible to view the data that was used by the author to make the above conclusions, the information will be considered credible for this paper, as it was written on the part of Statistics Canada, which is highly reputed to be an accurate source of data. A more precise way of determining Income Distribution would be to actually compare the spread of income in both countries. According to a US Census Bureau chart, in 1998, 3,6 percent of American households were in the lowest quintile of income (lowest level of income), 9 percent were in the second quintile, 15 percent in the third, 23. 2 percent were in the fourth quintile, and finally, 49. 2 percent of households were in the highest quintile of income. In Canada, the same chart can be found in Canadian Fact Book On Poverty, which was posted on the Posted on the Canadian Council on Social Development website (http://www. cfc-efc. ca/docs/00000327. m). According to the data, in 1991, 4. 7 percent of the Canadian households could be found in the bottom quintile, 10. 3 were in the second quintile, 16. 6 were in the middle quintile, 24. 7 were in the fourth quintile and 43. 8 percent were in the top quintile. Although the difference may not be huge, there is no denying the fact that there is a larger gap between the income levels in the US as the above data shows. As mentioned in the paper Income inequality in North America: Does the 49th parallel still matter? he highest quintile plays a major role in the spread of income in the US. Almost half of all households are in the highest fifth, whereas in Canada, seven percent less (43. 8) households are in the highest quintile. What does all this mean? In keeping with the conceptual definition of socialism used for the purpose of this paper, it means that Canada fits the description of socialism better than the United States of America when it comes to income distribution since the gap ! between the rich and the poor is thinner in Canada than it is in the United States. Aside from having a high level of democracy, good social services and a low level of distribution of social classes, a socialist state must also own many, if not all businesses. That brings us to the fourth variable of a socialist state; collective ownership of corporations, companies, and factories. Traditionally, Canada has had many Crown Corporations (Corporations owned by the State), but the recent trend has been to sell these companies to private investors. Nonetheless, the Canadian governments still own many businesses today. Even so, the Federal Government still owns 49 Crown Corporations according to the Treasury Board of Canada . The most commonly known of these corporations would likely be Canada Post, a nation-wide postal service, The Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission, which runs the CBC and SRC radio and television stations, and VIA-Rail. A few of the less known companies are the Canadian Commercial Corporation, International Development ! Research Center, Royal Canadian Mint, the Business Development Bank of Canada, Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, Export Development Corporation, Farm Credit Corporation, Defense Construction Limited, National Capital Commission, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. Bank of Canada, Marine Atlantis Inc. , and Jacques Cartier and Champlain Bridges Inc. In addition to federally owned Crown Corporations, the provinces also own their own â€Å"public businesses† the government of British Columbia for example runs sixteen Crown Corporations. The most commonly known of these are BC Hydro, BC Rail and BC Ferries. The US Governments also own similar corporation, although they usually tend to be agencies more than companies. A few examples would be the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission. There are however some agencies that can compare to the ones owned by the Canadian governments, as illustrated on the White House†s Federal Agencies and Commissions web page ! such as the US Postal Service, AMTrack, the Export-Import Bank of the US, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Bank for Reconstruction Development, the Legal Services Corporation, the National Park Service, the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, the Overseas Private Investment Corp. , and the Securities Investor Protection Corp. Since the â€Å"corporations† are included with the agencies and commissions all government sites, it is difficult to count a precise number of government divisions that could be considered â€Å"Crown Corporations† in the US. It can however be estimated that at the Federal level, between 10 and 20 of these corporations exist. In addition, the American public also owns a television station independently of all forms of government. The educational station PBS is funded entirely by the people, depending largely on personal pledges for its survival. It must however be concluded that Canada has a great deal of State-owned companies when comp! ared to the US since it is nearly safe to say that there are at least twice as many of these corporations in Canada than there are in the United States. In conclusion, the hypothesis must be accepted, as the research proves that Canada is indeed more socialist that the United States of America. Although America is relatively strong when it comes to education, Canada does indeed spend more social services than the United States of America does. Canada also has more state-owned corporations than does the United States of America. Since the US does not clearly come out ahead of Canada in any of the variables, we cannot claim is as being in the same league as Canada as far as socialism goes. We can however state that the United States offers more years of public education than Canada does, and that it spends approximately the same on income security. In fact, if the United States offered health care to all of its citizens like Canada does, it could be argued that both countries are very similar in terms of socialism, with Canada being the frontrunner. However that is not the case, and what the entire research came down to was t! fact that health care is only offered to 24 percent of all Americans. The US Government actually spends 1147 US dollars per health-care recipient, only 49 US dollars less than Canada spends per recipient. What does this research tell us? It simply reinforces the theory that Canada is more socialist than the United States of America in its ways of governing. Perhaps it has to do with the fact that it is younger than its southern neighbor, that it still follows its European parents, France and England. America has matured more than Canada has, since it has been a free nation for much longer. There is no doubting that the US has developed its own governing system, with its own distribution of services and is striving off of it economically. There is however no less doubting that Canadians are proud of their social services, and education and democratic system. It seems both countries are in a state of comfort. America is generally content with its system and Canada is also generally happy with the way the country is run. It is however always fun to peek on the other side of the fence and see how our neighbor is doing, and how we compare to him/her. How to cite Measuring Socialism in America, Papers

Commercial Law Analysis

Question: Describe about the Commercial Law. Answer: A contract is regarded as something more than a mere agreement that exists between two or more people. For the formation of a contract there has to be the existence of several elements that are considered essential elements of formation of contract (Aubert Rivard, 2016). The primary elements of a contract are offer and acceptance, legal capacity, consideration and the intention of the parties to enter into legal relation. In the given case, it is given that Alan went to a store of liquor and demanded for Russian Vodka. The storekeeper Ben told Alan that the bottle of vodka that is in the hand of Alan fulfills the criterion of Russian vodka. In accordance to that assurance, Alan made the purchase of 3 bottles of vodka and got the receipt from Ben that made the statement that proclaimed that the products that are sold are not refundable and the seller is not responsible for the safety of the product (Calfa Grossmann, 2015). The elements that are present in the contract formation of Alan and Ben are follows: Legal Capacity: In accordance to law of the contract, not all people are eligible to enter into the contract. The parties that have the capacity to enter into a contract must be of legal age that is eighteen years and not a minor. The parties must not have a mental illness at the time of entering the contract. The prisoners and the bankrupts cannot enter into a contract. In the given case, it is evident that Alan and Ben has the legal capacity that is required for entering into a contract. Offer: In accordance to the laws of contract, there has to be a valid offer by one party of the contract known as the offerer. In the given case, there has been invitation to offer or treat on the part of Alan when wanted to buy Russian vodka. The offer was made by Ben after receiving the invitation to treat from Alan. In the case of Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597, the Court held that for determining the valid offer and acceptance there has to be the objectivity test of the contract. Acceptance: In accordance to the rules of contract, the proper acceptance has to be delivered by the acceptor to the offeror. In the given case, Alan accepted the offer made by Ben to buy three bottles of Russian Vodka at an agreed price (Crump, 2013). In the case of Harvey v Facey [1893] A.C. 552, the Court held that the different price stipulations by any seller should be considered as invitation to offer or treat. Consideration: It is most important element of contract. The amount to money or the services to be paid by any party for the services that are rendered by the other party is termed as consideration. In the given case, the amount paid by Alan for three bottles of Russian vodka is the consideration of the contract. Intention to form legal relation: In the given case, buying and selling depicts the intention of entering into legal relation (Durkheim, 2014). Hence, from the above discussion, it can be said that in the given case there is a contract between Alan and Ben and all the elements of contract is present. The transactions between seller and buyer where any seller agrees to transfer or sell rights in certain goods and services to any buyer in the return of consideration are subject to certain rules and regulations. The said transaction in Singapore is governed by the rules and regulations made under the Sales of Goods Act. Thus, the said Act governs all the transactions and contracts which take place in Singapore for sale of goods and services. The Sale of Goods Act in Singapore imposes many obligations on both the seller and the buyer. The buyer in particular, under the said Act, is protected from many automatic warranties against the seller under every contract of sale in Singapore. Part 1 of the Sales of Goods Act in Singapore includes many warranties which protect the buyer from fraudulent and illegal practices and conduct of the sellers (Bridge, 2012). The section 11 of the Sales of Goods Act states when a condition can be treated as a warranty by the buyer. Thus, under the said s ection when a condition is to be fulfilled by a seller and he fails to do the same, it is at the discretion of the buyer to either waive the breach of said condition or to elect and consider the said breach of condition as breach of warranty. Thus, in the said case, Alan purchased the vodka from Ben on the condition that the vodka should be of Russian origin. The said condition was not fulfilled which makes Ben breached section 11 of the Sales of Goods Act and allows Alan to elect to treat the said breach as breach of warranty. Additionally, section 13 of the Sales of Goods Act talks about sale by description and states when there is a sale of goods by description, there exists an implied warranty that the goods will match to the said description. Thus, in the said case, as Ben sold the vodka bottles to Alan describing them to be of Russian origin, the said section made it an implied warranty for the vodka bottles to correspond to the said description. Thus, Ben breached section 13 of the Sales of Goods Act. Additionally, section 14 of the Sales of Goods Act states implied warranty about quality and fitness. Thus, under the said section there is an implied term and warranty about the goods sold that the goods sold are of acceptable quality. Thus, in the said case, as Ben sold illicit drinks to Alan which caused him and his friends diarrhea after consumption, thus, Ben violated section 14 of the Sales of Goods Act by selling goods which are not of acceptable quality and fitness (Schwenzer, Hachem Kee, 2012). In National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers Ltd [2006] 4 SLR 640; [2006] SGHC 173 a Pakistani company contracted to sell spices to a Singapore incorporated company. The said contracted stated that the Pakistani company needs to furnish documents for the authenticity of the spices and about its quality. As the spices did ot meant the set standards, the Pakistani company was sued under section 13 and 14 of the Sales of Goods Act in Singapore and ordered to compensate the Singapore company for breach of warranties under the said Act (ISMAIL, 2011). Thus, in the said case, Ben breached section 11, 13 and 14 of the Sales of Goods Act in Singapore. The receipt that was given by Ben to Alan contained the message that the goods that are sold from the shop are not refundable and the seller cannot be held liable for the safety of the products that are sold. In the scenario that is given, the printed receipt plays an important part. There is invitation to offer by Alan where he urges to make the purchase of Russian Vodka from Ben. Thereafter, Ben made the offer to Alan which Alan accepted. The problem emerged when the vodka purchased caused food poisoning and diarrhea of the three close friends of Alan. Subsequent to that, the bottles of vodka were also found to be illicit drinks. Here lies the importance of the receipt that was generated by Ben to Alan. The receipt shall not be regarded as the contract. The contract between Alan and Ben is implied and not expressed. The contract lies in their dealing (Appleman et al., 2015). Alan enters into the dealing for the purchase of original Russian Vodka and not for the drinks that are illicit. Hence, there is non-performance or breach of contract. There is also fraud involved on the part of Ben. The words that were printed on the receipt meant that the goods that were sold could not be refunded. The receipt also meant that the seller that is Ben could not be held responsible for the safety of the products that were once sold from the shop. In accordance to the rules of contract, the terms that are contained in a contract should be certain and not vague. Although the receipt is not the contract but its terms are important. The terms of the receipt are vague because there is no such term mentioned in it that would deal with the case in case the goods sold by the seller turns defective (Chandler, 2015). It is an implied term in the dealings between a seller and buyer that if any goods sold by a seller turns defective, then such a seller is bound to make the refund of the money to the buyer. Moreover, the act of Ben is also illegal. It is because in accordance to the consumer laws, the buyer is always entitled to get proper goods that are of the merchandise quality. No customer is entitled to receive any faulty product or goods (Furmston et al., 2012). There was a case named ACCC v MOI International of 2013, where the MOI International was an oil company and made the claim that their oil contains 100% olive. In the researches that were conducted pointed out that the oil of the company had an amount of 7% olive and 93% canola. The Court while delivering the decision asserted a fine of $20,400 (Schwartz Scott 2016). The said case is similar to the case of Alan and Ben. It is because Ben made the claim that the bottles sold by him to Alan are contained of original Russian Vodka. However, in original terms, those bottles contained illicit drinks and not original Russian Vodka. The case study that is given depicts that the friends of Alan suffered from ill health and diarrhea after drinking the drinks that are delivered by Ben. The basic issue that is involved is whether Ben is liable for the suffering of the friends of Alan. The other issue that is involved in the case study is that whether there lays any option for friends of Alan to claim against Ben. The rule of proximate cause, foresee ability and negligence applies. The term proximate cause in law refers and means an event that is related sufficiently to any injury that is recognizable of being the cause of the said injury (Barker et al.,2012). In the case of Summers v Tice, it was held by the court that when there are two parties who acts negligently and that act of negligence causes the injury or the damage of any outside party or third party, then the burden of proof lies on those negligent parties to prove that they did not act negligently. In the case study that is provided, the proximate cause of the suffering of the friends of Alan was drinking the drinks that were illicit and supplied by Ben. Hence, Ben could be held liable for this cause (Fordham, 2013). The term foreseeable means a concept that is used in torts to make the limitation of liability of any party from that carries the risk of harm that is foreseeable. In simpler terms it would mean that any person who is reasonable would be able to make the prediction and expectation of the ill results of such actions. Under the law of negligence, the responsibility of acting in a reasonable manner for avoiding risks that are foreseeable of any injury that is physical may extend to any person. In the contract law, the usage of foreseeable concept is done for limiting the award of damages that are either special or consequential to such parties that can be termed as the consequences that are predictable of the contract breach. In the case of Sheehan v SRA (NSW), it was held by the court that if the act of any person is foreseeable to the injury of any person then such party can be held liable in the legal terms (Stickley, 2013). The next principle is the principle of negligence that can be made applicable in the case study that is given. The term negligence refers to the breach of the duty of taking care for which there is some kind loss either physical or monetary, is sustained to any other party (Stuhmcke Stewart, 2014). In the cases of negligence there has to be the plaintiff has to make the proof that there is the duty on the part of the duty to take the reasonable care and the defendant made the breach of such duty, for which he suffered loss. In the case study, there is negligence on the part of Ben as he supplied illicit drinks that caused the diarrhea of the friends of Alan. Hence, the claim would be by those friends against Ben. Reference List Appleman, J. A., Appleman, J., Holmes, E. M. (2015).Excuses for Nonpayment and Defenses to Actions for Premiums(Vol. 5). Appleman on Insurance Law and Practice. Aubert, B. A., Rivard, S. (2016). A Commentary on:The role of transaction cost economics in information technology outsourcing research: A meta-analysis of the choice of contract type.Journal of Strategic Information Systems,1(25), 64-67. Barker, K., Cane, P., Lunney, M., Trindade, F. (2012).The law of torts in Australia. Oxford University Press. Bridge, M. G. (2012).Benjamin's sale of goods(Vol. 11). Sweet Maxwell. Calfa, B. A., Grossmann, I. E. (2015). Optimal procurement contract selection with price optimization under uncertainty for process networks.Computers Chemical Engineering,82, 330-343. Chandler, A. (2015).Law of Contract. Oxford University Press, USA. Crump, D. (2013). How to Read a Contract Proposal Written by Someone Else, or Evaluating the Seven Elements of Agreement.Fla. St. U. Bus. Rev.,12, 109. Durkheim, E. (2014).The rules of sociological method: and selected texts on sociology and its method. Simon and Schuster. Fordham, M. (2013). Legislation and Case Notes: Contributory Negligence and the Disabled Claimant.Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 192. Furmston, M. P., Cheshire, G. C., Fifoot, C. H. S. (2012).Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston's law of contract. Oxford University Press. ISMAIL, R. (2011). Food and consumer protection: A study on food legislation of selected countries.Asian Law Institute, Singapore. Schwartz, A., Scott, R. E. (2016). The Common Law of Contract and the Default Rule Project.Virginia Law Review, Forthcoming. Schwenzer, I., Hachem, P., Kee, C. (2012).Global sales and contract law. Oxford University Press. Stickley, A. P. (2013).Australian Torts Law. LexisNexis Butterworths. Stuhmcke, A., Stewart, P. (2014). Lacunae and litigants: A study of negligence cases in the high court of Australia in the first decade of the 21st century and beyond.Melbourne University Law Review,38(1).

Losing is Never Really Losing free essay sample

The room was silent for a moment while we all finished our lunches. It was the group’s third day in New York City and it was the day that everybody was going to present their speeches to the group. Circular tables filled the room and surrounded the podium that had been placed up front so everybody could see it. â€Å"Let’s start sharing our speeches!† said the Military Youth of the Year representative. One by one we approached the podium, some nervous, some not. I was one of the nervous ones. Those of us who were sitting were watching and listening intently to the story of each youth that went up. The energy in the room was positive, safe and it solidified that we were in this process together. Suggestions were given to each youth by both their peers and mentors.When I stepped to the podium and gave my speech, one of the mentors suggested, â€Å"When you’re on stage, try not to use you hands to talk or to tap the podium,† and another said, â€Å"Nobody knows what your speech is going to be, so if you forget something, it’s okay. We will write a custom essay sample on Losing is Never Really Losing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † This feedback to lead everybody in the group to success and built a trust that brought us together as a group. The next day was competition day and it was time to prepare for the event that was to unveil the new Northeast Youth of the Year.I walked through the giant ballroom doors of the hotel and into a blue tinted room. The name â€Å"Boys Girls Club† was projected on the walls as music played that reminded me of the Hunger Games. The ballroom was filled with chairs and people as media staff ran around theroom, making sure everything was ready for the event. As I stood behind the stage in New York City representing the Vermont state Youth of the Year, I felt a sense of nervousness and excitement. It had been four long days that lead up to this moment, and my new friends and I were ready to find out who was going to be named the new, Northeast Regional Youth of the Year. Fifteen of us stood in acramped space behind the stage that kept getting smaller and smaller with everybreath taken. Nerves filled the room as sweat glistened on the faces of not only us youth, but our mentors as well. With nervous smiles on our faces, we waited with high anticipation and when my new friend from New Jersey, Alexia’s name was called to the stage,joy filled the room. I didn’t win, but I couldn’t have felt happier for Alexia. One of the girls who had become my sister after only four days, had just won the name of the Northeast Regional Youth of the Year. Three essays, three letters of recommendation, more drafts of a speech than I can count, and many trainings lead me and fifteen other youth, to those incredible moments in New York. When I arrived in New York City, I didn’t realize that fifteen strangers were going to soon become my brothers and sisters after only four days and that’s what made losing so easy. But after endless days of work, training, and exploration, nothing was more important than my new family. Through all of my experiences, including visiting ABC studios, British Airways, and flying to Georgia for a leadership training, those fifteen amazing youth were by my side. They went through the same process that I did, and supported me as I supported them. The Youth of the Year process is very difficult and requires hard work, dedication, and drive, but through this process I have learned more about myself than I ever thought possible at the age of seventeen. I learned that my drive for success is never ending, but more importantly that to me, losing is never actually losing.

International Business Major Assignment

International Business Major Assignment Analysis of critical issues or management in a foreign business environment The expansion of businesses in the international environment has emerged as one of the competitive strategies that are used by firms. Most of the challenges that are witnessed by firms in the international business environment revolve around the issue of managing in a new business environment, which denotes variations in business culture (Arunjo, 2007). The new Chief Executive Officer, Mia Foster, has the challenge of ensuring that the company establishes itself in a totally new market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Major Assignment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The new market has different business conditions and a totally new culture of management. However, Foster has fear that the company events are run by Chen. She fears dissolving the local culture of the company as depicted in the business dimension that was taken by Chen (Rentfrow, 2010). One reason why the company sought to expand into the international market was the shrinking domestic market, which implied a reduction in productivity (Bartlett Han, 2011). As an expansion and a competitive strategy, the entry and operation of the company in China as a new business destination was meant to help the company in regaining its competitive scale by quelling the impacts of the shrunken operations in the mother country. China had proved to be an attractive market for a number of United States’ firms that operate in the restaurant sector. During her early years of tenure as the new CEO of Levedary Cafà ©, Mia Foster was interested in monitoring and standardizing the operations of the company in China, which were being spearheaded by Chen. Foster sought for a means of ensuring that the standardization of the reporting models was done. Adopting a standard model of financial and business reporting as that used by Levendary in the mother country of operation proved to be difficult for the operations of the company in China (Bartlett Han, 2011). This is one area of challenge in international business management. It denotes the difference in business culture between the mother country and the foreign location. The entry model for any business in the international market is quite critical and determines the rate at which the company harmonizes the operations in the subsidiaries in relation to the operations in the mother firm as a way of ensuring that the conflict of management does not arise. Two issues come out in the case, which must be addressed in order for the operations of the company in China to be enhanced. The variation in business culture between the United States, which is the mother country of Levendary Cafà ©, and China which is the foreign business environment for the company comes out in two main things. These are legitimacy and conformity (Ferreira, Li Jang, 2007).Advertising Looking for es say on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Ferreira, Li and Jang (2007), the two things have to be considered as they are critical to the successful operation of a company in a foreign market. The issues form part of the hybrid model of entry and operation of a firm in the foreign business environment. There is, therefore, need for Foster to allow the company operations in China to follow a model of financial reporting that goes in line with the legislation on taxation in the country. Emphasis on using a reporting model that is used in the parent country is bound to result in non-conformity with the business environment in China, thereby jeopardizing the operations of the company in the country. The attributes of a business model often change with the environment in which a business expands into. It is, therefore, critical for the Foster to discuss with Chen the aspects of change that are expect ed as far as the expansion of the company operations in China is concerned. Sticking to the parent company model can result in the stagnation of the company due to lack of adaptability to the foreign market environment. When operating in a foreign business environment, it is critical to consider the tastes and preferences of the customers in the foreign market and adopt the practices in the local market as a way of enticing and attracting customers in that environment (Hise Choi, 1995). Analysis of market prospects in China and adaptability of Levendary Cafà © in the market A study of the international business environment denotes that China is one of the fastest growing markets in the world. The scale at which the Chinese economy, and by effect the Chinese markets, is growing has kept opening space for the incorporation of foreign firms in the market. The country, therefore, presents a lot of opportunities for multinational firms from all over the world. According to the Levendar y Cafà © case, it has been noted that a substantial number of firms from the United States have successfully entered and set up subsidiaries in China. In fact, this was the guiding factor behind the decision by Levendary Cafà © to expand its operations into China. Most of the large United States multinationals in the restaurant have been able to enter and expand their operations in China through franchising (Bartlett Han, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Major Assignment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it should be noted that the model of business that has been used by the United States multinationals to franchise in the Chinese market is based on the foreign model that is embraced in China. This reiterates the relevance of a firm to adapt to the local business culture as a foundation of expanding business operations in a foreign business environment. The rate at which forei gn firms in the restaurant business are entering China is quite high, which poses questions over the future competitiveness of the Chinese market to multinational firms. There is one notable trend in the restaurant industry in China, which depicts a challenge to the multinational firms from the West, among them Levendary Cafà ©. The realization of the opportunities that prevail in China has attracted an array of other multinationals from within the region in the country. This raises several concerns on the operation of western multinationals in the Chinese market. Firms from the region have a higher advantage when it comes to the rate of adaptability to the business culture in China. Contrary to the multinationals from the region, a firm like Levendary is still new in the country and is still struggling to gain footage in the country by adapting to a resounding culture that will enable it stabilize its operations in China without interfering with the general business model of the c ompany. Indeed, the Chinese market presents competitive challenges to the future of Levendary Cafà © considering the fact that the market is attracting firms that have a higher competitive edge when it comes to the adaptability to the business environment in China (Bartlett Han, 2011). As noted in the case, the largest share of the restaurant sector in China is dominated by firms that serve Asian food. This is an aspect of culture, which denotes an advantage to the firms that come from within the Asian region as indicated in the case. According to Wu (2008), cultural adaptability is one of the critical sources of disadvantage for foreign firms that are operating in China. It impacts on the management of the firms in the country. Insisting on exporting the local culture into China as is being done by Foster could compound the ability of the company to withstand the competition in the market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It can be argued that the best way for Levendary Cafà © to successfully expand and gain a competitive edge in the Chinese market is by pursuing a business model that allows it to make changes to its business culture. This could pave the way for the adaptability of the company to the local conditions in the market, which dictate customer trends. While some practices can be maintained, it can be argued that the path that is taken by Chen makes sense and there is only need to streamline a number of activities that are critical to the retention of the overall culture of the company irrespective of the fact that it adopts to the cultural practices and determinants in China. According to Kogut and Singh (1988), it is critical to assess the factors of compatibility in culture between a mother country and the foreign country and establish a balance in these factors where possible. This attests to the research by Gatignon and Anderson (1987), which denoted the difficulty of US multinational s in adapting to a foreign business culture in non- Anglo cultures. This is the reason why the combination of the models of business is often embraced by multinational firms by considering the cultural trends and their impacts on the competitive positioning of firms in the foreign market. Recommendations on best practices of international management The argument that comes out of the case is that Foster does not have a resounding experience in international management. The fact that she is charged with the responsibility of ensuring the company stabilizes its operations in the foreign business environment means that she has to learn a lot about the attributes of international management. Unfortunately, she has to do this at work, which is quite challenging. In her meeting with Chen, who is steering the operations of Levendary Cafà © in China, she has to adhere to a number of issues in order to be able to establish a worthwhile course for the operation of the company in China. Unde rstanding the technical aspects of the foreign business environment According to Guillà ©n (n.d.), the study and understanding of the foreign business environment are critical to the successful entry and management of a firm in the foreign market. As it comes out from the case, Chen has a substantial amount of experience about managing in China given he is a person who comes from the country and who has been able to understand the business environment in the country. International management entails the understanding of the technical aspects in foreign business environments and how they play out as far as the effect on the operation of new firms in the market is concerned. Therefore, Foster has to prepare to listen to Chen as this will enable her to comprehend the technical aspects of management in China. Chen acts as a cross-cultural consultant in this case (â€Å"Cross Cultural Solutions for International Business†, n.d.). The development of an adaptive strategy in the f oreign business environment After listening to Chen, it is easier for Foster to understand the reasons behind the approaches of business development that are taken by Chen. Though a number of ventures that had been established by Chen did not match with the model of Levendary, they had picked up in China. This proves a positive point concerning the ability of Chen to manage in China. This implies that Chen is a key resource for the company in as a far as steering its adaptability in China is concerned. It is at this point that Foster can open up and discuss about the possibility of modelling the Levendary stores in China along the models of business that are embraced in the parent country. The discussion ought to focus on the aspects of management and the models of business that can be exported by the company to China and those that need to be moulded from the foreign business environment. This attests to the concept of globalization of the business environment, where the understan ding of the culture in a given business environment is key to the establishment of a competitive business model in that market (Gunn-Graffy, 2007). Rationalization of integrating strategy in the foreign business environment An integrative response framework of international management such as the one that was developed by Prahalad and Yves in 1987 can be used in the development of a strategy that will streamline the operations of the company in China. The model by Prahalad and Yves reiterates the need to balance between the local factors and international factors that prevail in the international business environment (Guillà ©n, n.d.). Such a balance is critical in ensuring that the identity of the company is maintained even as the company adapts to the cultural factors in the foreign market. The balance between customization and the standardization of business in the foreign market has to be given priority (Lynch, 2012). References Arunjo, A. L. (2007). Multinational enterprise s in dissimilar cultural contexts: The role of global virtual teams. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing countries, Sao Paulo, Brazil, May 2007. Retrieved from ifipwg94.org.br/fullpapers/R0039-1.pdf Bartlett, C. A., Han, A. (2011). Levendary Cafe: The China challenge. Harvard Business School. Cross Cultural Solutions for International Business. (n.d.). Retrieved from kwintessential.co.uk/cultural-services/articles/cross-cultural-solutions-international-business.html Ferreira, M. P., Li, D., Jang, Y. S. (2007). Foreign entry strategies: Strategic adaptation to various facets of the institutional environment. Working paper no. 03/2007. Retrieved from globadvantage.ipleiria.pt/files/2012/08/working-paper-3_globadvantage.pdf Gatignon, H., Anderson, E. (1987). The multinational corporations degree of control over foreign subsidiaries: an empirical test of a transaction cost explanation. Retrieved from msi.org/publications/p ublication.cfm?pub=198 Guillà ©n, M. F. (n.d.). Understanding and managing the multinational firm. Retrieved from http://www-management.wharton.upenn.edu/guillen/files/mneconcept.pdf Gunn-Graffy, C. (2007). When in Rome, Beijing or Brussels: Cultural considerations of international business communication. Retrieved from bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/cas_sites/communication/pdf/thesis07.gunn-graffy.pdf Hise, R., Choi, Y-T. (2010). Are US companies employing standardization or adaptation strategies in their international markets? Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, 4(1), 1-30. Retrieved from aabri.com/manuscripts/08043.pdf Kogut, B., Singh, H. (1988). The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(3), 411-432. Retrieved from http://aib.msu.edu/awards/19_3_88_411.pdf Lynch, R. (2012). Global strategy. Retrieved from global-strategy.net/categories/Balancingglobalandlocal Rentfrow, T. J. (2010). Effectiv e leadership within a multinational environment. Retrieved from regent.edu/acad/global/publications/lao/issue_10/rentfrow.htm Wu, J. (2008). An analysis of business challenges faced by foreign multinationals operating the Chinese market. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(12), 169-174. Retrieved from http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/download/776/751.

The Development of American Film Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Development of American Film Music - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that during the first half of the twentieth century, the American cinema was born in the laboratories, and grows as a means of expression and serves as a means to entertain the masses. American people thanks to three factors: The scientist, artist, and businessman. Each of these factors contributed to their configuration, stating his physiognomy and strengthens its power. It became one of the largest industries within the short span of time. In a new art, emerging from science and traditional arts, it became a powerful social factor. From 1896 to 1903 saw the genesis of the film, and successfully fulfilled its three objectives, the juicy field of business, a technique peculiar and a large audience. Littman discusses that the first civic screening of a film in the United States occurred in 1896 in New York. The projector had been developed by the inventor Thomas Alva Edison, whose company was also the producer of the shorts. The paternity of the American fiction film is often attributed to Edwin S. Porter, who in 1903 used an innovative technique of montage in the film 8 minutes Assault and robbery of a train by which different fragments from different shots of the same film come together to form a whole narrative. David Wark Griffith, a disciple of Porter developed using the principles of this panoramic shots and close-ups, as well as parallel assemblies as a means of expression to maintain dramatic tension, which became the most important pioneer of silent movies in States United.... The Birth of Hollywood Between 1915 and 1920, the film industry was gradually shifted from the East Coast to Hollywood, where new studies emerged. Film production has become an important economic sector and imposed their dominance beyond the country's borders. At that time came the major genres: the western, detective films, adventure, science fiction and terror, who lived a time of splendour with directors like Cecil B. De Mille, John Ford, Frank Capra, William Wyler and King Vidor, like most serious works by Ernst Lubitsch and Erich von Stroheim-two directors considered the best time - or documentaries by Robert Flaherty. A peculiarity of the American film was the slapstick, a gender-based persecution disparate comedy and gags or comic situations. The person responsible for the emergence of this kind in 1912 was Senett Mack, whose school was, formed Charlie Chaplin, author of The Gold Rush (1925). Other important representatives of slapstick were Buster Keaton (The driver of the overall 1927), Harold Llo yd (The student beginner 1925) and the duo formed by Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy (From soup to nuts, 1928). The Sound Films With the introduction of talkies in the late 1920 emerged film genres: the screens began to be dominated by musicals (with many dance movies, particularly Busby Berkeley) and films by gangsters, who tried two other themes Today: the Great Depression and the Law Seca (e.g. golden Hemp, Mervyn Le Roy in 1930, or Scarface, the terror of hemp, Howard Hawks, 1932) (Grimes, 2005, pp. 15-22). The Decades Of 1940 1950 In 1941, the premiere of Citizen Kane, Orson Welles, marked a turning point for American cinema. Welles abandoned the chronological narrative and created a work of art that shook the cinematic

Competencies questions answers grammar correcting Essay

Competencies questions answers grammar correcting - Essay Example Throughout this role I have gained sound organization, time management, leadership attributes, communication compactness and self motivation experience. The same reflect on a number of key achievements: Maintaining a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the latest products and services available, regularly analyzing and cross referencing current products and services available in order to establish suitability Maximizing sales by not just effectively identifying customers’ individual requirements and subsequently offering viable product and service solutions, but also through the identification and escalation of cross selling opportunities Self motivation – apart from my academic studies at the university, I learnt Japanese as my fourth language which clearly shows that I am a self-motivated person. This enables me to use my self-motivation to balance my work, study and social life in the future which will work towards a professional qualification Strong analysis – I have strong analytical skills – not just through economic and finance studies, but also working on my dissertation that involved extensive research, data collection, model hypothesis, data analysis and results’ interpretation which developed excellent time management and organization skills within my repertoire Teamwork – I also have excellent teamwork consciousness which was acquired from not just academic history, but also from past employments through effectively participating in group works and working hand in hand with the colleagues towards the common goals Hewitt operates in a highly competitive financial service industry which has successes that rely on the supereminence of individuals and team performance. Therefore, my key strengths are valuable intangible assets for Hewitt At the age of 23, in the year 2006 when I had just

Pettiness,jealousy,and selfishness abound in our daily interactions Essay

Pettiness,jealousy,and selfishness abound in our daily interactions with each other - Essay Example Among these vices, pettiness tends to thrive among people who have the same level of education. It is common to see people getting angry at small things like how the other looked at them or how others walk or talk. More so, it is common to see people creating enemies out of this pettiness. Instead of seeking to understand one another and the simple things that characterize us, some people will use these petty things to create enmity among one another. Thus, it is common to see neighbors who barely talk to each other despite being close neighbors. It is common to see people despising one another in a public bus despite having met and might probably never meet. With such attitudes, people forget that humans don’t live twice and fail to seize happiness whenever possible by being free with one another, understanding one another and loving their neighbors. Jealousy, unlike pettiness is seen among people that know each other and who are not ready to celebrate the achievements of others. Jealousy exists among family members, among friends and among those that you can never think could be jealous. It starts with admiration and then it goes beyond this. Sometimes, it can lead to destruction as others can do anything just to bring down their friends or those whom their jealousy is directed to. Jealousy is felt because of so many reasons such as because of someone’s beauty, wealth or even positions. People who are jealous might try to strive others from these things until they succeed In the end, it becomes like a disease that is hard to cure. Apart from these two is selfishness, which I have come to realize that is in many people. It is hard to find people who are not selfish. People with this problem are never willing to help others and the worse thing is that they want to be helped. They never want to share whether they have a lot or whether they don’t. Instead of sharing, which is one thing that keeps the society

Why do I really need knowledge?

Why do I really need knowledge? Knowledge is defined as â€Å"justified true belief†[1]. This means that knowledge is any justified belief that can be proven to be true. The question ‘The whole point of knowledge is to produce both meaning purpose in our personal lives.’ will be the basis for my essay. This statement claims that as we gain knowledge, we gain meaning and purpose that affect our personal lives, which is to say, we find the answers we were looking for and also a thirst to know more. However, I do not believe that, when we gain knowledge, it affects everyone around us. My mother is a banker, the knowledge she has gained, not only helps her, but mainly impacts on others around her, because with that knowledge she has started her own bank. Whenever we gain knowledge, we also gain answers and more questions. In the Oscar Pistorius case, police investigators wanted to establish why he killed his girlfriend (meaning) and whether it was even him that killed his girlfriend (purpose).[2] I n this case, meaning is linked to intent, because there needs to be a reason for it and purpose is linked to opportunity, because there needs to be a way. When we gain new knowledge we feel better aware and more curious about our surroundings. That is to say, we learn to give ourselves meaning and purpose and in turn affect others, there are many cases where this is proven. Isaac Newton can be an example, when he first wondered about gravity he was sitting under a tree when an apple fell on his head. It was then that he wondered what force made things fall. He sought to find meaning to why the objects always fell back to earth, so he began experimenting on different objects, using reason, he used the resulting knowledge he got from his observation to determine that anything that goes up must fall down to the ground[3]. These discover he made were later called the laws of gravity and since they have many uses. It has become common sense since people now know to be cautious when deali ng with high places. When I was little, I picked up my baby sister from her crib while she was sleeping, when my mother found me with my sister dangling by a foot, she screamed. This is because she knows the fundamentals about gravity and that if my sister fell, she would’ve been hurt. Isaac Newton also developed the laws of motion, which states that an object in motion will continue to stay in motion until and external force is acted on it[4]. The laws of motion are used in different fields like car manufacturing, car testing, aeronautics, These laws also have provided a basis for many creations, for example, parachutes, trampolines, diving boards, etc. When a person is driving and suddenly sees someone or something on the road in front of them, they immediately hit the brakes, as they know that if they kept going, they would collide with the person/thing in front of them, causing damage to the person/thing, or to themselves/their car. Also, when they hit the brakes, an opposing force is acted on the cars forward motion, which in turn stops the car from moving. Two summers ago, I was riding a bike in my cousin’s house really fast. I wanted to slow down so I could get off the bike, but I mistakenly pressed the brakes, the bike stop abruptly and I was thrown out of the seat, I flipped over the handlebars and landed on my head. This is how the laws of motion would apply, because I hit the brakes, the bike stopped, but I didn’t stop, so that was why I flew off. When Isaac Newton discovered these laws, it was not for any higher reason than just to learn the answers for the why’s and the what’s of knowledge, in this, he had gained the meaning, but he still had no intention of gaining a purpose for his life from this, it was later, that other people found the meaning and purpose in the knowledge that he had discovered. Medical professionals (doctors, dentists, veterinaries, etc.) who have learnt medicine, anatomy, biology, etc. they used the knowledge they learnt to achieve a meaning of understanding how animal and plant bodied work, and the purpose of using that knowledge to help examine, treat or cure any injuries or illnesses within the body. My sister told me that she wants to become a pediatrician; she can only gain this knowledge for the purpose of helping children. Whenever there is a terrorist attack, whether Boko Haram, ISIS, Al Qaeda, investigators always researches everything, not only the terrorists attacking, but the victims being attacked, this is so that they can stop more attacks from happening. This is because if they can understand why a place was attacked (meaning), then it would be easier to stop other attacks in other locations (purpose). In economics, perfect competition is described as a situation where firms in an industry are relatively small in stature, have perfect knowledge of each other and are price takers[5]. This is mainly theoretically though as it cannot be practically implemented due to a wide range of unknown and inconstant variables. Although it is proven that this situation cannot exist, economists use the theory of perfect competition to determine the effect on the economy if it were to be practiced. This example is different because there is no real life scenario to go with it, but it still boosters the main point as the economists that theorized this scenario used whatever experimentation they had to come to the conclusion that it cannot exist, that is to say that the economists gained meaning from this experiment and the purpose of proving or disproving other economic scenarios. A monopoly is a situation where by a single firm has control over an entire industry, so they enjoy economies of scale and have price setting abilities[6]. In Nigeria, there are four main telecommunications companies; MTN, Airtel, Glo Etisalat, these four are individually owned by private firm. In Ethiopia, there is only one telecommunications company that is government owned. The Nigerian companies not only offer variety, but they also have an unrestricted service plan, meaning there are no limitations or restrictions to the use of the service, this is because their main aim of these firms is to make profit. The consumer can simply switch from one service provider to another if that customer is unsatisfied with their current service plan provider. The Ethiopian company is the only provider, so there is no need for any variety of services, they do not need to offer special plans or promotions or discounts because there is no competition for the company, there will also be heavily mo nitored and restricted use of the services because the main aim of the company is not to make profit, but to promote citizen optimization as they see fit, meaning that they will not allow any misuse of the service plan. There is also the fact that even if the customers are not satisfied with the service, there is nothing that they can do because they cannot change their service plan there is only one telecommunication company in the country. Here I have given two economic scenarios, the one in Nigeria is monopolistic competition, and the other in Ethiopia is a monopoly. In the first scenario, we can tell that there will be excess consumer satisfaction by the choice of four different service plans and the unrestricted access. However, in the second scenario, there would be excess dissatisfaction by the inability of choice, and the heavily restricted access. From my perception of these two scenarios, I can reason that the Nigerian telecommunication system is better because if offers t he right of choice and other benefits as opposed to the Ethiopian telecommunication system which would only offer on choice with no special benefits and at whatever price the government sets. Here is an example of how we can gain meaning but not purpose, because if someone can gain the knowledge of the monopoly of the Ethiopian telecommunications company, they can now understand why people would want to move from Ethiopia to Nigeria, but they will have nothing to do with this knowledge. The only reason for acquiring any form of knowledge would be to gain both meaning and purpose in our lives because once we have the knowledge, we understand how it involves up, meaning, and what we set out to accomplish with it. References: google. theory+of+knowledge. n.d. website. 22 November 2014. ib-theory-of-knowledge-website. n.d. Webpage. 22 January 2015. theoryofknowledgestudents.com. n.d. webpage. 2 December 2014. Blink, Jocelyn and Ian Dorton. Economics Course Companion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 1 [1] The philosopher Plato’s definition of knowledge [2] Oscar Pistorius murder investigation [3] Newton’s first law of gravity [4] Isaac Newton’s first law of motion [5] Theory of perfect competition [6] Theory of monopoly

Women in Ancient Civilizations Essays -- essays research papers

The role of women in different civilizations, even though on different spectrums of the world, had many similarities and only a few differences. Women in these four civilizations: Greece, Egypt, China, and India faced many of the same hardships, struggles, and prejudices. Some of this treatment of women didn’t even end until present day (1920’s). In some of these civilizations women were able to rise up somewhat in their communities but it didn’t come without some kind of interference. When it came to the rights of these women, they really didn’t have any at all. In Greece women were considered to be second class citizens at best. All women were forbidden to own property, inherit their own name, vote, or attend political debate. Men viewed them as nothing of real importance. To them they were irrational, fearful, and only to be used for their physical desires. They were considered to be the ward of a man (Sacks 263). Women in Egypt were treated fairly well compared to the others. They shared the same legal and economic rights as men they were capable of owning land, slaves, and could acquire possessions for themselves in many ways. Elite women did have more rights and opportunities than the nonelite but they were both very fortunate. Regardless of class though, all women had only a few main concerns and expectations. They were all expected to get married and raise a family, maintain the management of the household, and bearing and rearing children (Harrison 510). The rights of women in China and India were similar as well. In India the rights of women have barley changed since ancient times. Women in this country are not allowed to own property, show their faces in public, and are the complete property of a man (www.geocities.com/hinduism/hindu_women.html). The women of china were also inferior to men. For around two thousand years they lived under the rules and laws set by Confucius. The Confucius doctrine said that women weren’t equal to men because they were unworthy and incapable of an education. These women were the property of men from birth till death (Andrea and Overfield 82-90). Their rights were not only limited to their families though in some cases there were actual laws passed that limited the rights of women. In ancient times The Code of Hammurabi for example had several laws that restricted women when it had to do with marriage and what a hus... ...ng their own property, they were encouraged to join athletics such as gymnastics, and some rose to be estate managers. They were even capable of participating in religion and could leave the house during holy days. During the Hellenistic age the treatment of women started to lighten up. Many started to realize that they have a greater value including their intelligence (Sacks 264). Chinese women didn’t start to rise up until the 20th century when communism began. Communists believed that women were equal to men; they felt that it would help the population of china to thrive (Dillion 346). The women of Egypt were treated well and did have a say in many of the things that involved them so they didn’t rise up too much more. Unfortunately for the women in India they have never truly risen up. They are still victims of being very subservient to men. In conclusion, women in all of these cultures have faced many hard times. Either from their community, husbands, fathers, or any man they were put down and restricted but though it all many women found a way to rise up through it all. There is still a long way for women of other culture to go but times are changing and anything is possible.

How occupational stress affects mental health Essay

Stress is a normal condition that affects many people. However too much stress leads to both mental and physical health. When a person has, too much stress there is a high probability that a person will stop functioning normally. Severe stress also can also lead to breakdown. This can be observed through the behavior that a person exposes. This means that a person changes the set of patterns of behaviors. Their performance in day to day duties are also affected and become worse as days pass. A person tends to lose interest and the ability of functioning as a normal person. These are obvious signs of nervous breakdown. Severe stress cause mental disorders in people. This happens especially if the stress becomes severe. It is good for one to deal with stress because of the effects it has on the mental health. This is because some of the factors that lead to stress are complicated for the mind to handle. Stress compels one part of the body against another part of the mind. This leads to pulling and pushing against the positive forces. This then leads to compression of emotions and thoughts. This makes a person to have feelings of loss of control of life. If a person dwells on the negative feelings this makes the person to have high possibilities of being subject to mental illness. The mental health is affected as stress leads to change of the equilibrium in the brain, which applies pressure to the mind. Lack of reinstatement of the equilibrium leads to chemical imbalances and diseases. In case the mind has some faulty areas, this makes a person have difficulty in coping with stress. This leads to more negative thinking including suicidal thoughts (The British Psychological Society, 1993). There are several symptoms of stress and anxiety caused at work. Stress at work is caused by work pressure, relationships, at6 work or issues related to finances. The nature of work has changed over the last century and is still undergoing change drastically. With these drastic change, stress is inevitable as workers try to cope with the changes. Stress by the workers is dangerous as it affects not only their health but also the health of the organization. The symptoms of work stress vary from person to person depending on the situation or how ling a person is subjected to the stress and the stress intensity. Some of the typical symptoms of work stress include lack of concent6tartion in one responsibility, frequent absenteeism without valid excuses, some workers turn to substance abuse and one show some signs of frustrations and extreme anger, which is usually directed to fellow workers (Tetrick, 1987). Workers who are at high risk of getting stress and anxiety are the ones who are experiencing job insecurity as a result of the metamorphic changes that may be occurring in the work place. Reorganizations, downsizing and takeovers are some of the changes that occur in organizations that lead employees to have stress and become anxious, as sometimes they do not understand where future in the organization lies. High demand for performance also leads to stress and anxiety for instance increased workload, long hours of working and intense pressure to perform at peak levels but without increase of the pay. Workers who are faced with these kinds of p-pressures have possibility of getting anxious and stressed. People who their believes conflict and those who are unable to cope with workplace culture also have high possibilities of getting stress and anxiety (Tetrick, 1987). Example of workplace cultures that may lead to stress include adapting to dress code, communication pattern, hierarchy and the behavioral patterns. If a person experiences stress and anxiety as a result of the above and does not seek help the stress and anxiety may be worse leading to mental and physical problem. There are various ways in which individual can deal with stress. It is necessary for one to be able to change with time so that to prevent stress. Being able to change with time makes a person feel more secure. Foe example, in work places it is important for an individual to be continually prepared for any change that might arise so that to survive and avoid stress. It is also good for one to find emotional and moral support from friends and family members. It is good to find time to remotivate and reenergize whenever one feels down. This prevents the stress from escalating to more severe problem. Individuals who turn to substance abuse, as a way of relieving stress should also avoid this because substance abuse acts as way of increasing the stress. It important to develop positive attitude towards every situation in life including stressful situations. This is done to prevent situations such as fear anger and negative thinking, which leads to stress. This can be done by employing personal growth techniques such as exercises, breathing and meditation. Work place stress can also be reduced by celebration of accomplishment of other people’s accomplishment. In case of stress that is chronic, it is advisable to seek assistance from a health profession (Koeske, Kirk & Koeske, 1993). This knowledge regarding stress and anxiety and the ways to handle them is important as it help me understand that in some cases they may not be inevitable in the workplace. By understanding this, it is important to understand the way to prevent them from occurring and way I can do to stop them from affecting my performance. The knowledge is also helpful as it make me understand ways I can help my colleagues whom I find with the problem in the future.

Australia and the Vietnam War essays

Australia and the Vietnam War essays The reasons for the Australian involvement in the Vietnam conflict are not difficult to understand. Australia's foreign policy in the 1950s and 1960s responded to what appeared to be the downward push of aggressive communism in South-East Asia and the need to meet these threats away from Australia. It was clear also that because the United States was involved in this war, Australia would support its great ally and friend. As Australia had assisted the United States in the Korean War so, too, it was prepared to become involved in the Vietnam War. The Menzies government, fearful of communism in Asia, saw any communist victory in South Vietnam as a threat to Australia. Given Australia's military weakness and the potential danger from our nearest neighbor, the very unstable Indonesia, it was in Australia's interests to commit the United States to Asia and the fight against communism. As Britain withdrew from its world commitments, the Australian government saw the United States as the powerful Western nation to take its place. It was in Australia's best interest for this to happen, and Australia's role in Vietnam was motivated by this determination to keep the United States involved in Asia. Through diplomatic channels the Australian government encouraged the United States' involvement in Vietnam and showed its good faith by sending troops as well. Compared with the size of the US force, the size of the Australian force was never great, and its military significance was slight. At the height of Australia's involvement in Vietna m, its troop level numbered only 8300, while the US troop level reached 720 000. What was important was Australia's political support as an ally. It fitted in with the concept of forward defence, and once again Australia had the support of a great and powerful ally. This time, however, the great and powerful friend was not Australia's traditional ally Britain but a new ally, the United St ...

Reform after the Revolution essays

Reform after the Revolution essays Although the United States gained independence after the Revolution from Britain, it was not without issues that needed to be addressed in order to promote a better way of life for the people. With the approaching new age came reformers that wanted to ensure that various improvements would occur in their country in order to enhance their lives. To the people, the only way to get the problems recognized on a national level was to organize social movements. Reformers sought answers to the problems within the prison system and also for the insane. Efforts were made to take the punishment out of the prison and use rehabilitation instead. Religious reformers opposed alcohol since they believed alcohol had effects on the work force and the family. Another effort of reform was the Antimasonry movement. Since it excluded women, it was believed by the reformers to be threatening to the family by encouraging men to use alcohol while neglecting their families. Since the Masons were made up of prominent middle and upper class men, it was believed to be a secret fraternity with antirepublican views. This was a very short-lived political movement. Although these issues did not accomplish the goals of the reformers they paved the way for much larger issues such as slavery. In the 1830s, along with a small minority of white reformers, William Lloyd Garrisons morals drove him to demand immediate and complete emancipation (Norton 242) of slavery. Those who advocated immediate emancipation saw slavery as a moral issue, a sin on the American nation. Although not all reformers believed in the immediate discontinuance of slavery, others tended to favor the gradual approach. The American Colonization Society had the idea of gradual abolition along with the resettling of the former slaves in Africa. Garrison, considered an immediatist, had strong opinions about the methods that should be used to ...

US Intelligence Failure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

US Intelligence Failure - Research Paper Example ver did not carry out any immediate action such as keeping the terrorist by the name Khalid al-Mihdhar from entering the US even though they even had his passport number. They took that action too when he was already in the country and even registered as well as taking flying lessons (Zegart 96). There were several reasons that cause this failure in intelligence as will be discussed below in detail. The CIA is a very bureaucratic agency and had been so since the era of the cold war. The policies that had been formulated then were never changed even after the cold war was over. This therefore meant that they had no policies and directives of how to handle the terrorism situation if it arose or what mandate they had in the whole issue. Even though Clinton had formed an Al Qaida taskforce, it only handled issues to do with Osama bin Laden and it was still not an active group and would not have known how to handle the terrorist intelligence information about the 9/11 attacks. The bureaucracy in the federal government also led to delay in intelligence decisions and legislations and hence the reason there was delay in taking action in regards to the Khalid situation. Other than bureaucracy, the budgetary allocation for the CIA was limited hence leading to a flat budget. They could not therefore afford to start investigations on the terrorism planning meeting or even follow up on the situation in Afghanistan because they had limited agents in the field. The airport surveillance would also require a lot of money and manpower resources which they had a shortage of considering the number of work they had to tackle in the whole nation. Majority of the funds was dedicated to the defense and the wars ongoing in other parts of the Middle East and hence little remaining for intelligence purposes. The CIA and other intelligence organizations had their own fair share of other internal intelligence issues to deal with that demanded immediate attention. Since they had not